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You can use either %d or %i to display a signed integer in decimal format These format specifiers are equivalent; both are supported for historical reasons To output an unsigned integer, use %u The %f format specifier displays numbers in floating point The matching argument must be of type double The %e and %E specifiers tell printf( ) to display a double argument in scientific notation Numbers represented in scientific notation take this general form: xdddddE+/-yy If you want to display the letter E in uppercase, use the %E format; otherwise use %e You can tell printf( ) to use either %f or %e by using the %g or %G format specifiers This causes printf( ) to select the format specifier that produces the shortest output Where applicable, use %G if you want the E shown in uppercase; otherwise, use %g The following program demonstrates the effect of the %g format specifier:

#include <stdioh> int main(void) { double f; for(f=10; f<10e+10; f=f*10) printf("%g ", f); return 0; }

The format is almost the same, but notice that we have to escape the curly braces. Note that the escaping format is different here a leading slash versus a leading {}. In this context, the {} would cause the parser even more woes. We re a little sad about the different formats for escaping the curly braces; but, because the original releases of WPF didn t have support for StringFormat at all, we ll take what we can get.

You can display unsigned integers in octal or hexadecimal format using %o and %x, respectively Since the hexadecimal number system uses the letters A through F to represent the numbers 10 through 15, you can display these letters in either upper- or

Passive Optical Networks (PONs)

lowercase For uppercase, use the %X format specifier; for lowercase, use %x, as shown here:

#include <stdioh> int main(void) { unsigned num; for(num=0; num<=16; num++) printf("%d ", num); /* printf("%o ", num); /* printf("%x ", num); /* printf("%X\n", num); /* } return 0; } { Integer */ Octal */ Hexidecimal - lowercase */ Hexidecimal - uppercase */

Figure 12.5 The StartTime of the Process is now shown, formatted to show the short version of the date.

Organization-Specific Extensions Any organization-specific extensions to the generic Ethernet OAM protocol are based on the allocation of specific TLVs carried in standard compliant OAMPDUs, as well as on the allocation of organization/task-specific OAMPDUs targeting other functionalities besides those originally defined in the respective IEEE standard These OAM extensions carry an organization unique identifier (OUI) in the frame to indicate the designator of the extension and to facilitate interoperability testing System vendors have chosen to utilize organization-specific extensions to the standard Ethernet OAM protocol to implement additional and extended events, include additional information during the discovery phase, or even develop a completely proprietary OAM protocol, while maintaining the general framework compatibility with the standard IEEE-compliant OAM Even though the EFM OAM protocol is compatible with any legacy P2P full-duplex Ethernet technology and can be inherently used in even small local area networks, it was created mainly to reduce expenditures for first-mile service providers, based on IEEE 8023ah-compatible EFM technology The main functions provided by the EFM OAM include

If you want to display an address, use %p This format specifier causes printf( ) to display a machine address in a format compatible with the type of addressing used by the computer The next program displays the address of sample:

#include <stdioh> int sample; int main(void) { printf("%p", &sample); return 0; }

String formatting isn t limited to numeric data types. You can also format other data types such as DateTime. For example, Processes have a StartTime property that we can add to the display.

The %n format specifier is different from the others Instead of telling printf( ) to display something, it causes printf( ) to load the integer variable pointed to by its corresponding argument with a value equal to the number of characters that have been output In other words, the value that corresponds to the %n format specifier must be a pointer to a variable After the call to printf( ) has returned, this variable will hold the number of characters output, up to the point at which the %n was encountered Examine this program to understand this somewhat unusual format code